Surprised I never noticed this thread.
Ludwig van Beethoven: Symphony No 9 in D minor
A shout-out to this last item on your list. However, the right answer is Beethoven's 5th Symphony.
About 20 years ago I taught music in a primary school to kids between 4 and 11 years old. Almost all these children were from families who had immigrated to Canada from parts of Asia, Middle-East, and India, so they had no Europe/North American cultural backgrounds. One day, I had an idea I wanted to try with a class of 1st-graders (5 or 6 I think). I told them I was going to sing the first few notes of a song and asked them to continue singing the notes that came next. I then sang the opening notes to Beethoven's 5th: "Da da da daaaa...".
Almost the entire classroom immediately answered with: "Da da da dummm".
I was amazed and asked where they'd heard this. Their parents? The radio? They didn't know where they heard it or who wrote it. They just somehow knew the melody.
I don't teach music anymore, but I've tried the same test with a few kids over the years. Every one knows it. The opening notes in Beethoven's 5th Symphony may be the single most iconic musical phrase in human history.