History is repeating itself
The first organization known as Antifa,
Antifaschistische Aktion, was established by the
Communist Party of Germany (KPD) based on the principle of a
Communist front, and its establishment was announced in the party's newspaper
Die Rote Fahne (The Red Flag) in 1932; as such it functioned as an integral part of the KPD during its entire existence from 1932 to 1933.
[8] A member of the
Comintern, KPD under the leadership of
Ernst Thälmann was loyal to the Soviet government headed by
Joseph Stalin to the extent that the party had been directly controlled and funded by the Soviet leadership in Moscow since 1928.
[9][8] The KPD described Antifaschistische Aktion as a "red united front under the leadership of the only anti-fascist party, the KPD".
[10] The KPD had proclaimed that it was "the only anti-fascist party" during the elections of 1930.
[9]
The KPD did not view "fascism" as a specific political movement, but primarily as the final stage of
capitalism, and "anti-fascism" was therefore synonymous with
anti-capitalism; unlike the situation in Italy no party regarded itself as "fascist" in Weimar-era Germany. Throughout the Weimar era the KPD regarded the centre-left
Social Democratic Party (SPD) as its main adversary;
[8] the KPD considered the SPD to be "
social fascists" based on a theory proclaimed by
Stalin and supported by the Comintern in the early 1930s, according to which social democracy was a variant of fascism, and even more dangerous and insidious than open fascism.
[8] Thälmann "took his instructions from Stalin and his hatred of the SPD was essentially ideological".
[11] In his sympathetic history of the Antifa movement, published by the Association for the Promotion of Antifascist Culture, Bernd Langer notes that "antifascism was always a fundamentally
anti-capitalist strategy" and that "communists always took antifascism to mean anti-capitalism. Therefore all other parties were fascist in the opinion of the KPD, and especially the SPD."
[12] A KPD resolution for instance described the social democrats, referred to as "social fascists", as the "main pillar of the dictatorship of Capital".
[13] Consequently, "anti-fascism" in the language of the KPD and its new activist wing, the
Antifaschistische Aktion, also included the struggle against the social democrats;
[8] the KPD had stated that "fighting fascism means fighting the SPD just as much as it means fighting Hitler and the parties of Brüning".
[14]