How much would I probably have to spend to get something better than what I had with my Gigabyte board? I won't lie I'm not even sure how good in general the board was, a friend of mine shipped it to me when I was first building my computer and said he wasn't using it anymore. I'll have to check just how much of a budget I need to be on but at the same time I don't want to have to possibly replace it in just a few short years either. Same with the CPU.
There's two ways to go. If your budget is very tight you could intentionally buy a weaker CPU with the intention of replacing it sooner rather than later. Basically a bare bones get me back and running system that could be piecemeal upgraded.
If you have a bit of money to spend along the lines of what Osprey laid out or a little more (I'd try and get a 2xxx if possible though) then just do that. A R5 2600 will be good for a number of years. Then you don't have to worry about anything.
I'd say your old stuff was mid-high. Not the highest end stuff but in its day it was of quality. 990fx chipset + FX 8350 which was at one time AMDs highest end CPU.
CPUs just aren't evolving all that fast so your old stuff was still capable.
The reason I would generally be against what Osprey suggested in terms of trying to replace your old components with matching parts is you can't be sure your CPU and or RAM isn't damaged. It's quite likely the CPU is fine, CPUs are pretty hard to kill. RAM is also probably fine but there's just no way to verify it unless you have a test system.
IMO if your budget accounts for the possibility of having to spend $80-100 on a motherboard that may or may not solve your problem and the possibility of then having to just fully upgrade anyway, you might as well fully upgrade. It would be different if the CPU/RAM you were trying to salvage was more up to date but it's just past my personal replace line. Especially considering you don't have any working system at the moment.