That's not how the rule works. Goldobin was drafted from the CHL and thus will not be eligible for the AHL until next season. It's OHL or NHL for him this year (or the KHL?)
You are correct. The CHL-NHL agreement excludes players drafted out of the CHL from playing in any certified non-NHL league other than the CHL, assuming said draftee is signed. Under the (post-lockout) new CBA and new NHL-KHL MOU, I don't believe there is a precedent for a signed draftee out of the CHL fleeing for the KHL. However, the CHL-NHL agreement and NHL-KHL MOU don't apply to unsigned draftees out of the CHL such as Goldobin. Unsigned draftees have fled to Europe (i.e. Martin Reway).
Article 8.6 of the CBA slides said player's ELC by 2 years in such a scenario:
"8.6 (b) Drafted Players who Leave the Major Juniors prior to age 20. Notwithstanding any provision of subsection (a) to the contrary, Clubs shall have additional rights set forth in subsections (i), (ii) and (iii) below with respect to Players who either: (i) were drafted while playing in the Major Juniors or (ii) other than college players described in Section © below or Players drafted from a club outside North America described in Section (d) below, play in the Juniors during the period of time that a Club holds their exclusive negotiating rights and, in either case, cease to play in the Juniors and play in a league other than Juniors prior to age 20.
(ii) If a Player who is drafted as an 18-year-old ceases to play in the Juniors in the second League Year after he has been drafted and the Club has tendered to such Player a Bona Fide Offer pursuant to 8.6(a)(ii), his drafting Club shall have the exclusive right of negotiation for his services until the fourth June 1 following his initial selection in the Entry Draft."
Verbatim, if San Jose inks Goldobin, it's San Jose or CHL. It's not impossible for Goldobin to go KHL, but there are a plethora of hoops (release, transfer, loan) and he'd set a precedent for signed draftees out of the CHL, under the new agreement/CBA/MOU (Yakupov was under previous incarnations). If San Jose fails to sign Goldobin to an ELC, KHL is fair game. Who knows, it's possible that carrot's driving Goldobin's party to stall, but I'm baselessly speculating.
I'd expect a poster who coined me as "clueless" to be well-versed here (not directed at you).