With respect to scientific and social policy, we offer three general conclusions:
1. Scientifically, sexual orientation is an important, fundamental trait that has been understudied because it is politically controversial. This is a mistake. In fact, the more politically controversial a topic, the more it is in the public interest to illuminate it in a revealing and unbiased manner. Our article is offered in the spirit of progress toward that end.
2. Scientists, activists, and policy makers should reason more carefully regarding potential ethical or policy implications of scientific findings. For example, the issue of whether sexual orientation is chosen represents intellectual confusion, and no scientific finding will illuminate this issue in any interesting way. Although clumsy reasoning may advantage a particular political position in the short term, in the long term, clear thinking is best for everyone.
3. The most common meaningful controversy across time and place has concerned the extent to which homosexuality is socially influenced and, more specifically, whether or not it spreads as a result of contagion and social tolerance. There is no good evidence that either increases the rate of homosexual orientation, although tolerance may facilitate behavioral expression of homosexual desire. Suppressing homosexual behavior imposes an immense burden on homosexually oriented people and serves no apparent legitimate social goal that cannot be reached in other ways.