So more like Europe/football (except no promotion and relegation, it appears) and not so much like NHL. However, VHL teams are in separate cities. Am I getting this right?
in 99% yes. These VHL clubs are separate one, located in separate cities, mostly in region. Lets say, Salavat Yulaev Ufa has VHL affiliate in Neftekhamsk, both cities are located in Bashkiria. The same with Ak Bars Kazan and Neftyanik Almetevsk (VHL) - both in Tatarstan.
Vityaz Chekhov has its farm in Krasnodar, what is relatively far. You can see affiliate clubs in upper tool bar at KHL website. IIRC Neftekhimik changed its farm team during season, it is not Dizel Penza anymore.
Back to 99%
Dynamo Moscow has farm team called Dynamo Balashika, logo is the same but VHL plays in city of Balshika. There was a merge of 2 KHL clubs - Dynamo Moscow and MVD Balashika a few seasons ago. Seems that both clubs has the same ownership.. dont know.
Lokomotiv Yaroslavl has its farm team which has the same name, playing at the same arena and having the same owner. You know about Lokomotiv air crash... Lokomotiv played VHL last season instead of KHL. And ownership decided to go on playing VHL this season (and future). It is good for developing kids.
VMF Petersburg - russian navy - is a farm club of SKA Petersburg. They started this season in Petersburg, but moved to small city of
Kondopoga
There is a new small ice rink (cca 1-2000). I dont know if VHL has the same owner as SKA,but the same people/management work in both clubs.
Chelmet Chelyabinsk is farm team of Traktor Chelyabinsk. Both club are located in city of Chelyabinsk, not using the same arena. Ownership of Chelmet changed last summer, therefore name Chelmet instead of Mechel. Company Mechel is not club´s sponsor anymore.
Yunost Minsk is a newcomer of VHL, they played belarussian league before. Yunost is farm team of Dinamo Minsk. Using different arena, Yunost will play in new arena next season as I know.
There are KHL clubs which dont have VHL affiliate. Russian KHL clubs - f.e. Amur, Atlant. And non-russian KHL clubs (Dinamo Riga, Donbass, Lev Prague, Slovan, Barys). They have affiliate club in national championship. I can say about Lev and Slovan which structure I know very well. Slovan has farm team (in KHL terms) in Skalica, slovak extraleague. Both clubs have different owners (Ziggy Palffy should be co-owner of HK 36 Skalica?) and good relationship for many years. Lev and Sparta Prague have the same ownership, but dont cooperate in KHL terms. Sparta, playing czech extraleague, is not farm team of Lev acc. to KHL terms. There is exchange of players, but it is not based on call-ups, but on loans. Just legal detail. I think this situation will be changed for next season and Sparta will cooperate with Lev as its farm team acc. to KHL term.
Of course, we dont know what will happen. Maybe Sparta will play KHL