Algorithms are transforming the way athletes are evaluated.
www.nbcnews.com
Not a first rounder, but I remember this pre-2018 Draft article about teams using AI. One guy's algorithm had Sean Durzi as a top 40 pick for 2017 but he went undrafted (Durzi was ranked #124 on Central's NA ranking). As I remember it, Durzi went into the following season with a chip on his shoulder and made some on/off ice adjustments. TSN had Durzi #48 for its 2018 draft ranking and he'd go #52 to Toronto.
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Mikko Koskinen got drafted in his fourth and final year of draft eligibility at #31 in 2009. Magnus Hellberg was taken #38 in his third year (2011). It was amusing since the draft board wasn't digital until the following year. As I remember it, that Hellberg panel remained blank for a good 10-15 minutes.
Carolina had been planning on taking Pyotr Kochetkov with #28 in 2019 but were surprised when Ryan Suzuki was available. They'd end up taking Kochetkov (3rd year) with their next pick #36.
Not sure if he was just under the radar, but Brandon Montour went in the 2nd round in his third year of draft eligibility. He had played his original draft years in lower league and then had a big USHL rookie season.
Maybe not exactly what the OP wanted, but a couple guys who were drafted and re-entered knowing they'd go higher:
Scott Parker (NJD 3rd round 1996 - COL 1st round 1998): Parker was drafted as a bruiser/fighter but potted 30 goals in his D+2 season. The thought was that he'd be like a Chris Simon type enforcer who could take a regular shift and chip in 15-20 goals. Parker was asking the Devils for first round money and Lou declined. Meanwhile Colorado was looking for a Simon replacement after trading him in 1996.
Kyle Wanvig (BOS 3rd round 1999 - MIN 2nd round 2001): Wanvig scored 12 goals in his draft season then exploded for 55 goals in his D+2 season. He wanted first round money and Boston wasn't interested.
Boston tried to trade him to Toronto just as his draft rights were about to expire. But Wanvig's agent wasn't able to fax a copy of the signed contract by the deadline, so the trade was nixed. Wanvig went #36 to Minnesota.