Justinov
Registered User
Found some info that during the war (1944-1945), that Jørgen Alfred Hviid (Søløjtnant 1 at this time) was part of the "Danish Brigades" and the "Danish Flotilla" in Sweden.
Source: http://modstand.natmus.dk/Person.aspx?78830
He escaped somehow to Sweden: Possibly after parts of the Danish navy fled to Sweden or were scuttled in 1943 (29th of August) by orders of Viceadmiral Vedel to prevent a German takeover of the ships.
These Swedish based Danish forces (around 300 man strong) were armed in Sweden and ready to move to Copenhagen and take control over the capital and later all of the country after a German surrender to prevent Nazi reprisals (also sympathizers) or Communist takeover attempts.
Image from 1944 from the Danish Resistance Database:
Source: http://modstand.natmus.dk/Person.aspx?78830
So now we need to know how and when he escaped to Sweden?
He was registered from the 1st of January 1944.
We know that after WW2 Jørgen Hviid somehow became involved with Firmaet ("The Firm"), which during the Danish Police Intelligence investigation of 1963 gave this list of the involved.
So here will follow some of the men that Jørgen Hviid was involved with in the intelligence world of the late 40's onwards all connected with "The Firm".
Politicians:
Ole Bjørn Kraft 1893-1980 [Conservative member of "Folketinget" (Danish Parliament) from 1926-1964; one of the founders of Bilderberg, Chairman of the Consevative Party 1947-1955, Defense Minister 1945 and Foreign Minister 1950-53. Shot and wounded by Nazis in 1944 and ardent anti-communist, that actively supported the Baltic Exile Organizations and to spread the knowledge of the sufferings of the Baltic people under Communist rule].
Hans Christian Svane Hansen 1906-1960 [Social Democrate, member of Folketinget from 1936-1960. Minister of Finance 1945 + 1947-50, Foreign Minister 1953-1958, State Minister 1955-1960. Possibly American Agent from 1943-1946 (Cryptonym "Big Horn"). Pro-USA and NATO and Anti-Communist. Allowed the placing of Nuclear Weapons in Greenland by USA in 1957].
Company Directors:
Aage Lindhardt Nielsen Rytter 1900-1961 [Conservative member of Folketinget 1945-1947; Chairman of the Industrial Council and the Industrial Union from 1951-1956 AND Minister of Trade, Industry & Shipping 1951-1956, On the Board for "The United Breweries" from 1951-? and Director of all organizations within the Tobacco Industry from 1934-1951 and again on the board from 1953-1960].
Ole Lippmann 1916-2002 [Freedom Fighter during WW2. Fled to London in jul. 1944. Rose to Major in the "Buff's" Regiment. From Feb. 1945 Chief of all SOE- (Special Operations Executive) Parachuters operating in Denmark. Danish Red Cross Officer in Budapest 1956, operating an ambulance during the uprising. Director and on the board of numerous companies, especially Shipbuilding. Founder of "Udenrigspolitisk Selskab" in 1946 [The Danish Foreign Policy Society], which function was to gather information in the Communist Occupied East. Lippmann then travelled all over Eastern Europe and gave intel to both the British and the Americans. Had strong ties with the Polish Exile Army in England during WW2 and managed to set up a company in Poland in 1970 "Medico Teknik" getting Polish hospitals workers to Denmark on exchange.]
Thomas Kristian Thomsen 1888-1971 [Civil engineer. One of the founders of "Wright, Thomsen & Kier" building company in 1923 (outside Denmark as A/S Wetex). Chairman of Dansk Arbejdsgiver Forening (a Union of leading Companies, that negotiates salaries with the workers) 1941-1945. His company build German Bunkers and enlarging air fields during WW2 with the pressure and approval of the Danish government leaders, to avoid the Germans to bring in German labour forces. After WW2 the company build radio-towers in Denmark.]
Journalism & Diplomacy:
Hans Ebbe Munch 1905-1974 [Greenland Traveller, who took part in the establishing of Scoresbysund in 1924 + many later expeditions. Foreign Correspondent for "Berlingske Tidende": In Berlin 1929-31, London 1931-35, Spain 1936, Finland 1939-40 and 1941-42. Leader of SOE's Stockholm-office from 1940 and contact person between SOE, The Danish Intelligence and the Danish Freedom Council.
Danish Press-attaché in London 1947. On the Ambassador council in Helsinki from 1955. Ambassador in Thailand 1959-1967. Ended as "Hofchef" (1972-1974) to the Danish Queen Margrethe II responsible for ceremonies and the Queen's spokesman to the public.]
Army:
Obertløjtnant Niels Bjarke Schou 1907-1994 [Leader of Danish contra espionage in Sweden 1943-1945. The Resistance's Contact-group in Stockholm 1944-45. Leader of the Danish Intelligence contra espionage from 1945-1967. "FE" first is officially created from 1950. Very little info on the net.]
Cavalry:
Oberst Hans Mathiesen Lunding 1899-1984 [Won Bronze Medal at the 1936 Olympics in the Military Riding Competition (Eventing) on a horse borrowed from King Christian X. From 1937 second in command for the general staff intelligence ("Generalstabens Efterretningstjeneste" or "GE"). From 1938 under Codename "Bent" he developed an extensive informant network in Germany and Poland (possibly from contact with other officers he gained at the 1936 Olympics). He warned the Danish government about German troop movements towards Denmark in 1940, but was ignored. From 1940 active in creating resistance-groups in Jutland. Compromised in Stockholm when meeting the Polish Legation, he was spotted by a German agent there. Arrested in Denmark by Gestapo in 1943 and send to the Gestapo-prison in Prinz Albrechtstrasse, Berlin and from 1944 sent to KZ-camp Flossenbürg, where he got the cell next to German Admiral Canaris. They communicated together with Morse code and Lunding saw later through the door crack a stripped and naked Canaris being fetched for his execution. Send to Dachau and entered the "washing room" now set up as a cinema room for entertainment to the many prominent people present (including Belgian King Leopold III, Former Austrian Chancellor Schuschnigg and wife, several German princely members with family and a German and several French generals). 15 min before the "start off the movie" (gas order) it was cancelled (talk about being lucky). Then sent on to several other places constantly for 1 year, until liberated by the Americans in Tyrol 4th of may 1945.
From 1950-1963 Chief of "Forsvarets Efterretningstjeneste" ("FE" = Danish Defense Intelligence) - FE was created in 1950]
Navy:
Kommandør Paul Adam Mørch 1898-1987 [From 1935 leader of the Marine Staff Intelligence. 1933-1943 Teacher at the Navy Officer School. 1938-1943 Teacher at the Army Officer School. From 1940-1942 he send intel about German Ship Movement via Stockholm to England and from 1942-1943 directly to England. Fled to Stockholm in 1943 and was one of the creators of the Danish Brigade; while he kept sending intel from the Danish resistance to the British. Member of the Danish Defense Intelligence from 1950-1963, and likely Chief of the Military Intelligence within FE].
Kommandørkaptajn Gustav Thomsen ? - ? [Leader of Danish Defense Intelligence "Special Task" unit from 1950-1976. He was the creator of "Evasion & Escape" groups around Denmark.
These handpicked men should gather intelligence for the NATO allies and be the backbone of a new resistance if Denmark was successfully invading by the Communists.
The, in theory, more active partizan Danish Gladio unit Absalon was probably not under his domain. Very little about him on the net.]
Kommandørkaptain Jørgen Alfred Hviid 1916-2001 [So beside some official naval business and Icehockey, it takes time to dig these secrets out.]
So far we can conclude he was in the Danish Brigade 1944-1945 in Sweden, Danish Defense Intelligence REDSOX recruiter of Latvians from 1950-?, visiting Leningrad in 1956 and receiving a dagger from Marshal Zjukov, military attaché in Stockholm 1962-1965 and in 1968-1972 leading a naval intelligence network from Bornholm towards Poland.]
Secretary:
Jutta Regitse Pilegaard Graae 1906-1997 [Sister-in-law to Hans Ebbe Munch. Became the person responsible for transmitting intel from Denmark - for the "GE" - the Danish General Staff Intelligence - to Ebbe Munch in Stockholm working for British SOE. She was a central "postbox" in the Danish resistance with information, microfilms, money etc. passing through her hands and onwards. Codename "Storhertuginden" (= The Grand Duchess). Her home was the meeting place of several leading Freedom Fighters. She left for Sweden in 1943 together with Oberst Mørch and they continued their intelligence work from Stockholm. In 1944 she was send to London and from jan. 1945 she was at the English SOE office for operations in Denmark. In 1945-1946 she was in Washington DC at the staff of the Danish embassy there. From 1947 working for the Danish "GE" (General Staff Intelligence) and from 1950 for the "FE" (Danish Defense Intelligence). From 1956-1960 leader of the FE archive, where she also sorted all the information from WW2 until 1960.]
University:
Professor Erik Husfeldt 1901-1984 [Freedom Fighter during WW2 in the social-democratic group "Ringen" (The Ring). Helping Danish Jews escaping to Sweden in 1943. Member of Frihedsrådet (Freedom Council) from 1945. Surgical Professor 1943-1968 at Copenhagen University. Worked for WHO after the war travelling all over the world. Leader of the Danish Red Cross Ambulances in Budapest 1956. Worked for US-intelligence under the Cryptonym "Babylon" (1943-1946?).]
The names so far were the backers for "The Firm". The "active members" have three names in the PET files.
Arne Børge Sejr 1922-1998: [Launched the first Danish illegal distribution of anti-german papers in 1940 as 17 years old and in 1941 created the conservative "Students Intelligence". From 1942-1945 they published a magazine every fortnight with news and military matters and got in contact with Polish Intelligence, which they worked together with. They quickly got 100.000 printed examples of each publication spread illegally. From 1943 their group got access to weapons, which caused the Gestapo to launch a man-hunt. In sep. 1943 he was captured and shot in the shoulder during a firefight. Though tortured several times by Gestapo, he manage to escape to Sweden. From Sweden he then passed information, weapons and ammunition to his rebuild group in Denmark .
In 1948 he founded the private "Firmaet" with Niels Arne Frommelt as an anti-communist resistance group in case of a Sovjet attack, but when FE (Danish Defense Intelligence) was created in 1950, the stay-behind groups became the FE-responsibility and Arne Sejr and his men were in 1951 charged with being the branch for Psychological Warfare for the FE. They started spreading rumours and causing panic in the ranks of communist members and from 1952-1959 they managed to illegally bug the phones of the Vice-Chairman of the Communist party Alfred Jensen. In 1959 they got their biggest achievement as they established contact between CIA and the Chairman of the Danish Communist Party: Aksel Larsen. Aksel Larsen created his own new party Socialistisk Folkeparty (Socialistic People's Party) and thus crippled decisively the chances for a Communist take-over of Denmark by democratic means.
In 1963 "PET" - the Danish Police Intelligence - questioned Arne Sejr and "The Firm" were officially disbanded, but they seem to have continued their bugging operation until 1975. Arne Sejr was a Captain-of-the-reserve.]
Svend Aage Nielsen ?? - ?? [Cousin to Arne Børge Sejr. Engineer. Probably in the group solely? for his family relation].
Niels Arne Frommelt (formerly Niels Anders Thürmer Larsen) 1921-2008 [Member of Arne Sejr's "Student Intelligence" during WW2. Betrayed and Arrested by Danish Police and delivered to Gestapo in 1943. Send to KZ camps Neuengamme and later Porta Westfalica-Barkhausen. Created "The Firm" with Arne Sejr in 1948.
At some point likely CIA agent and possibly tasked with creating stay-behind groups. It is very possible that Niels Frommelt was in contact with William Colby in creating GLADIO units on Danish soil.When a Foreign Intelligence compiled the list to PET of all The Firm members mentioned above his name was deliberately kept out, because he was still working for that Intelligence at that point.]
Though the "Stay-behind" networks for most of Europe is still classified, then the CIA plans (1949) for the German "stay-behind" operation is available!
We see the list of cryptonym's and how many and where networks are planned!
Source: http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/1705143/PASTIME VOL. 1_0063.pdf
So here is my uninformed guess what CIA, MI-6 and other western intelligence planned in the late 40 and 50's:
Immediately after the WW2 the British seemingly continued to support partizan networks in Eastern Europe. Operation TILESTONE (1946-1948) was likely a British operation from Sweden to help Baltic partizans. TILESTONE BAKER is likely a continuation (1948-?)- with some changes to original TILESTONE - as I have also found a CIA file from 1950 mentioning TILESTONE BAKER. The agent JANSON (or VALDEMAR) is a Latvian that has landed (parachuted?) under TILESTONE BAKER with an Estonian, who is dead of illness at this point.
Source: http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/1705143/SVEICS, VIDVUDS_0013.pdf
So perhaps a joint MI-6 and CIA operation to give partizan support in the Baltic countries from both Sweden and Denmark? or a change from partizan support more to sleeper stay-behind networks, that can cause internal problems if the Sovjet Union attacks the west.
From 1948? (least 1949) the CIA starts plans to create Stay-behind groups in Western Europe - if Niels Arne Frommelt was a secret CIA agent, the creation of The Firm in 1948 was outside the Danish Intelligence to start with..
When Denmark becomes part of NATO in 1949 it becomes part of the greater plan. FE (Danish Defense Intelligence) is created in 1950 and they take over the overall leadership within Denmark, as they are against CIA control within Denmark (With CIA leader for GLADIO in Scandinavia William Colby in Stockholm as the Swedes are apparently more positive).
The Stay-behind units are probably classified into groups with different expertise:
1) True fighting partizans (GLADIO). Apparently the Danish government didn't accept such groups in Danish soil, though they probably existed anyways.
2) Works in intelligence gathering ("Evasion and Escape"), but will become the longterm resistance backbone if their country is attacked.
[In fact both 1-2 are really "GLADIO" unit and it might be only Denmark that made a distinction between the two types of groups (Active & Sleeper partizans)]
3) Psychological Warfare. (The FIRM after 1951 in Denmark): Active in peacetime.
"The Firm" thus was changed from GLADIO status to be a psychological warfare unit inside FE - better fitting the know-how of Arne Sejr and what he accomplished in WW2.
So GLADIO's in Western Europe are to be sleeping cells, but perhaps real partizan groups within Sovjet territory (like Latvia). In Italy it seems a "Black Gladio" is later created, that might have done actual terrorism, but it's unlikely the case in other western european countries.
The second group are to be true sleeper cells. The backers (FE and their allies in government and industry) could place hidden radios, weapons and safe houses/bunkers around the country. In case of a Sovjet attack the FE then contacts these groups, who will be a delay and irritant, that can hopefully stall the Sovjet troops.
OPERATION REDSOX seems from the Danish point-of-view to be an EVASION & ESCAPE project, as they apparently didn't support active partizan support (perhaps the reason Freds Launags and other Latvian ended up joining the CIA in 1950). Jørgen Hviid was in contact with local Daugavas-Vanagi leader Imants Reitmanis in Copenhagen (and Lambers in Germany) and tried to hire Latvian stay-behind units to build up a Danish-Latvian Intelligence network. We have no idea at all how extensive or how successfully or even how long it continued. Officially REDSOX (for Latvia specifically AECOB and AEMARSH) ran from 1949-1959, but was abandoned by the English and the US, because most of their parachuted agents was compromised and caught. If the Danish Defense Intelligence had more success for instance with bringing Latvian agents in by speedboat, that parachuting is also another totally unknown.
EDIT: According to Sigurd Hess, the English (and so also Danes and Swedes) used boats to bring in agents (primarily Courland) - a German fast patrol boat S208 under Hans Helmut Klose working for the British Intelligence! The British SIS codename for what CIA called REDSOX was JUNGLE.
His articles can be seen here: http://www.sigurd-hess.de/home-english-version/publications/intelligence-history/
[So when Jørgen Hviid talked to Freds Launags about a fast boat, it was not a Danish boat but a West German boat operating and supplied from Rønne on the Danish Island of Bornholm.]
"Agents were inserted into Saaremaa, Estonia, Užava and Ventspils, Latvia, Palanga, Lithuania, and Ustka, Poland, all typically via Bornholm, Denmark where the final radio signal was given from London for the boats to enter the territorial waters claimed by the USSR."
Source: Operation Jungle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jungle
The training of the TILESTONE, TILESTONE BAKER? & JUNGLE was done by the British, though a Swede Captain Andreasson actually was the trainer for the Latvians around 1949.
The CIA REDSOX operatives were probably trained by the West-German Gehlen organization.
So West-Germany actually had two separate intelligence groups, before they were even officially created in 1949. Klose under the British from 1948 and Gehlen under CIA from 1947.
Hans Helmut Klose: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Helmut_Klose
Reinhardt Gehlen: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Gehlen
Source: http://modstand.natmus.dk/Person.aspx?78830
He escaped somehow to Sweden: Possibly after parts of the Danish navy fled to Sweden or were scuttled in 1943 (29th of August) by orders of Viceadmiral Vedel to prevent a German takeover of the ships.
These Swedish based Danish forces (around 300 man strong) were armed in Sweden and ready to move to Copenhagen and take control over the capital and later all of the country after a German surrender to prevent Nazi reprisals (also sympathizers) or Communist takeover attempts.
Image from 1944 from the Danish Resistance Database:
Source: http://modstand.natmus.dk/Person.aspx?78830
So now we need to know how and when he escaped to Sweden?
He was registered from the 1st of January 1944.
We know that after WW2 Jørgen Hviid somehow became involved with Firmaet ("The Firm"), which during the Danish Police Intelligence investigation of 1963 gave this list of the involved.
So here will follow some of the men that Jørgen Hviid was involved with in the intelligence world of the late 40's onwards all connected with "The Firm".
Politicians:
Ole Bjørn Kraft 1893-1980 [Conservative member of "Folketinget" (Danish Parliament) from 1926-1964; one of the founders of Bilderberg, Chairman of the Consevative Party 1947-1955, Defense Minister 1945 and Foreign Minister 1950-53. Shot and wounded by Nazis in 1944 and ardent anti-communist, that actively supported the Baltic Exile Organizations and to spread the knowledge of the sufferings of the Baltic people under Communist rule].
Hans Christian Svane Hansen 1906-1960 [Social Democrate, member of Folketinget from 1936-1960. Minister of Finance 1945 + 1947-50, Foreign Minister 1953-1958, State Minister 1955-1960. Possibly American Agent from 1943-1946 (Cryptonym "Big Horn"). Pro-USA and NATO and Anti-Communist. Allowed the placing of Nuclear Weapons in Greenland by USA in 1957].
Company Directors:
Aage Lindhardt Nielsen Rytter 1900-1961 [Conservative member of Folketinget 1945-1947; Chairman of the Industrial Council and the Industrial Union from 1951-1956 AND Minister of Trade, Industry & Shipping 1951-1956, On the Board for "The United Breweries" from 1951-? and Director of all organizations within the Tobacco Industry from 1934-1951 and again on the board from 1953-1960].
Ole Lippmann 1916-2002 [Freedom Fighter during WW2. Fled to London in jul. 1944. Rose to Major in the "Buff's" Regiment. From Feb. 1945 Chief of all SOE- (Special Operations Executive) Parachuters operating in Denmark. Danish Red Cross Officer in Budapest 1956, operating an ambulance during the uprising. Director and on the board of numerous companies, especially Shipbuilding. Founder of "Udenrigspolitisk Selskab" in 1946 [The Danish Foreign Policy Society], which function was to gather information in the Communist Occupied East. Lippmann then travelled all over Eastern Europe and gave intel to both the British and the Americans. Had strong ties with the Polish Exile Army in England during WW2 and managed to set up a company in Poland in 1970 "Medico Teknik" getting Polish hospitals workers to Denmark on exchange.]
Thomas Kristian Thomsen 1888-1971 [Civil engineer. One of the founders of "Wright, Thomsen & Kier" building company in 1923 (outside Denmark as A/S Wetex). Chairman of Dansk Arbejdsgiver Forening (a Union of leading Companies, that negotiates salaries with the workers) 1941-1945. His company build German Bunkers and enlarging air fields during WW2 with the pressure and approval of the Danish government leaders, to avoid the Germans to bring in German labour forces. After WW2 the company build radio-towers in Denmark.]
Journalism & Diplomacy:
Hans Ebbe Munch 1905-1974 [Greenland Traveller, who took part in the establishing of Scoresbysund in 1924 + many later expeditions. Foreign Correspondent for "Berlingske Tidende": In Berlin 1929-31, London 1931-35, Spain 1936, Finland 1939-40 and 1941-42. Leader of SOE's Stockholm-office from 1940 and contact person between SOE, The Danish Intelligence and the Danish Freedom Council.
Danish Press-attaché in London 1947. On the Ambassador council in Helsinki from 1955. Ambassador in Thailand 1959-1967. Ended as "Hofchef" (1972-1974) to the Danish Queen Margrethe II responsible for ceremonies and the Queen's spokesman to the public.]
Army:
Obertløjtnant Niels Bjarke Schou 1907-1994 [Leader of Danish contra espionage in Sweden 1943-1945. The Resistance's Contact-group in Stockholm 1944-45. Leader of the Danish Intelligence contra espionage from 1945-1967. "FE" first is officially created from 1950. Very little info on the net.]
Cavalry:
Oberst Hans Mathiesen Lunding 1899-1984 [Won Bronze Medal at the 1936 Olympics in the Military Riding Competition (Eventing) on a horse borrowed from King Christian X. From 1937 second in command for the general staff intelligence ("Generalstabens Efterretningstjeneste" or "GE"). From 1938 under Codename "Bent" he developed an extensive informant network in Germany and Poland (possibly from contact with other officers he gained at the 1936 Olympics). He warned the Danish government about German troop movements towards Denmark in 1940, but was ignored. From 1940 active in creating resistance-groups in Jutland. Compromised in Stockholm when meeting the Polish Legation, he was spotted by a German agent there. Arrested in Denmark by Gestapo in 1943 and send to the Gestapo-prison in Prinz Albrechtstrasse, Berlin and from 1944 sent to KZ-camp Flossenbürg, where he got the cell next to German Admiral Canaris. They communicated together with Morse code and Lunding saw later through the door crack a stripped and naked Canaris being fetched for his execution. Send to Dachau and entered the "washing room" now set up as a cinema room for entertainment to the many prominent people present (including Belgian King Leopold III, Former Austrian Chancellor Schuschnigg and wife, several German princely members with family and a German and several French generals). 15 min before the "start off the movie" (gas order) it was cancelled (talk about being lucky). Then sent on to several other places constantly for 1 year, until liberated by the Americans in Tyrol 4th of may 1945.
From 1950-1963 Chief of "Forsvarets Efterretningstjeneste" ("FE" = Danish Defense Intelligence) - FE was created in 1950]
Navy:
Kommandør Paul Adam Mørch 1898-1987 [From 1935 leader of the Marine Staff Intelligence. 1933-1943 Teacher at the Navy Officer School. 1938-1943 Teacher at the Army Officer School. From 1940-1942 he send intel about German Ship Movement via Stockholm to England and from 1942-1943 directly to England. Fled to Stockholm in 1943 and was one of the creators of the Danish Brigade; while he kept sending intel from the Danish resistance to the British. Member of the Danish Defense Intelligence from 1950-1963, and likely Chief of the Military Intelligence within FE].
Kommandørkaptajn Gustav Thomsen ? - ? [Leader of Danish Defense Intelligence "Special Task" unit from 1950-1976. He was the creator of "Evasion & Escape" groups around Denmark.
These handpicked men should gather intelligence for the NATO allies and be the backbone of a new resistance if Denmark was successfully invading by the Communists.
The, in theory, more active partizan Danish Gladio unit Absalon was probably not under his domain. Very little about him on the net.]
Kommandørkaptain Jørgen Alfred Hviid 1916-2001 [So beside some official naval business and Icehockey, it takes time to dig these secrets out.]
So far we can conclude he was in the Danish Brigade 1944-1945 in Sweden, Danish Defense Intelligence REDSOX recruiter of Latvians from 1950-?, visiting Leningrad in 1956 and receiving a dagger from Marshal Zjukov, military attaché in Stockholm 1962-1965 and in 1968-1972 leading a naval intelligence network from Bornholm towards Poland.]
Secretary:
Jutta Regitse Pilegaard Graae 1906-1997 [Sister-in-law to Hans Ebbe Munch. Became the person responsible for transmitting intel from Denmark - for the "GE" - the Danish General Staff Intelligence - to Ebbe Munch in Stockholm working for British SOE. She was a central "postbox" in the Danish resistance with information, microfilms, money etc. passing through her hands and onwards. Codename "Storhertuginden" (= The Grand Duchess). Her home was the meeting place of several leading Freedom Fighters. She left for Sweden in 1943 together with Oberst Mørch and they continued their intelligence work from Stockholm. In 1944 she was send to London and from jan. 1945 she was at the English SOE office for operations in Denmark. In 1945-1946 she was in Washington DC at the staff of the Danish embassy there. From 1947 working for the Danish "GE" (General Staff Intelligence) and from 1950 for the "FE" (Danish Defense Intelligence). From 1956-1960 leader of the FE archive, where she also sorted all the information from WW2 until 1960.]
University:
Professor Erik Husfeldt 1901-1984 [Freedom Fighter during WW2 in the social-democratic group "Ringen" (The Ring). Helping Danish Jews escaping to Sweden in 1943. Member of Frihedsrådet (Freedom Council) from 1945. Surgical Professor 1943-1968 at Copenhagen University. Worked for WHO after the war travelling all over the world. Leader of the Danish Red Cross Ambulances in Budapest 1956. Worked for US-intelligence under the Cryptonym "Babylon" (1943-1946?).]
The names so far were the backers for "The Firm". The "active members" have three names in the PET files.
Arne Børge Sejr 1922-1998: [Launched the first Danish illegal distribution of anti-german papers in 1940 as 17 years old and in 1941 created the conservative "Students Intelligence". From 1942-1945 they published a magazine every fortnight with news and military matters and got in contact with Polish Intelligence, which they worked together with. They quickly got 100.000 printed examples of each publication spread illegally. From 1943 their group got access to weapons, which caused the Gestapo to launch a man-hunt. In sep. 1943 he was captured and shot in the shoulder during a firefight. Though tortured several times by Gestapo, he manage to escape to Sweden. From Sweden he then passed information, weapons and ammunition to his rebuild group in Denmark .
In 1948 he founded the private "Firmaet" with Niels Arne Frommelt as an anti-communist resistance group in case of a Sovjet attack, but when FE (Danish Defense Intelligence) was created in 1950, the stay-behind groups became the FE-responsibility and Arne Sejr and his men were in 1951 charged with being the branch for Psychological Warfare for the FE. They started spreading rumours and causing panic in the ranks of communist members and from 1952-1959 they managed to illegally bug the phones of the Vice-Chairman of the Communist party Alfred Jensen. In 1959 they got their biggest achievement as they established contact between CIA and the Chairman of the Danish Communist Party: Aksel Larsen. Aksel Larsen created his own new party Socialistisk Folkeparty (Socialistic People's Party) and thus crippled decisively the chances for a Communist take-over of Denmark by democratic means.
In 1963 "PET" - the Danish Police Intelligence - questioned Arne Sejr and "The Firm" were officially disbanded, but they seem to have continued their bugging operation until 1975. Arne Sejr was a Captain-of-the-reserve.]
Svend Aage Nielsen ?? - ?? [Cousin to Arne Børge Sejr. Engineer. Probably in the group solely? for his family relation].
Niels Arne Frommelt (formerly Niels Anders Thürmer Larsen) 1921-2008 [Member of Arne Sejr's "Student Intelligence" during WW2. Betrayed and Arrested by Danish Police and delivered to Gestapo in 1943. Send to KZ camps Neuengamme and later Porta Westfalica-Barkhausen. Created "The Firm" with Arne Sejr in 1948.
At some point likely CIA agent and possibly tasked with creating stay-behind groups. It is very possible that Niels Frommelt was in contact with William Colby in creating GLADIO units on Danish soil.When a Foreign Intelligence compiled the list to PET of all The Firm members mentioned above his name was deliberately kept out, because he was still working for that Intelligence at that point.]
Though the "Stay-behind" networks for most of Europe is still classified, then the CIA plans (1949) for the German "stay-behind" operation is available!
We see the list of cryptonym's and how many and where networks are planned!
Source: http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/1705143/PASTIME VOL. 1_0063.pdf
So here is my uninformed guess what CIA, MI-6 and other western intelligence planned in the late 40 and 50's:
Immediately after the WW2 the British seemingly continued to support partizan networks in Eastern Europe. Operation TILESTONE (1946-1948) was likely a British operation from Sweden to help Baltic partizans. TILESTONE BAKER is likely a continuation (1948-?)- with some changes to original TILESTONE - as I have also found a CIA file from 1950 mentioning TILESTONE BAKER. The agent JANSON (or VALDEMAR) is a Latvian that has landed (parachuted?) under TILESTONE BAKER with an Estonian, who is dead of illness at this point.
Source: http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/1705143/SVEICS, VIDVUDS_0013.pdf
So perhaps a joint MI-6 and CIA operation to give partizan support in the Baltic countries from both Sweden and Denmark? or a change from partizan support more to sleeper stay-behind networks, that can cause internal problems if the Sovjet Union attacks the west.
From 1948? (least 1949) the CIA starts plans to create Stay-behind groups in Western Europe - if Niels Arne Frommelt was a secret CIA agent, the creation of The Firm in 1948 was outside the Danish Intelligence to start with..
When Denmark becomes part of NATO in 1949 it becomes part of the greater plan. FE (Danish Defense Intelligence) is created in 1950 and they take over the overall leadership within Denmark, as they are against CIA control within Denmark (With CIA leader for GLADIO in Scandinavia William Colby in Stockholm as the Swedes are apparently more positive).
The Stay-behind units are probably classified into groups with different expertise:
1) True fighting partizans (GLADIO). Apparently the Danish government didn't accept such groups in Danish soil, though they probably existed anyways.
2) Works in intelligence gathering ("Evasion and Escape"), but will become the longterm resistance backbone if their country is attacked.
[In fact both 1-2 are really "GLADIO" unit and it might be only Denmark that made a distinction between the two types of groups (Active & Sleeper partizans)]
3) Psychological Warfare. (The FIRM after 1951 in Denmark): Active in peacetime.
"The Firm" thus was changed from GLADIO status to be a psychological warfare unit inside FE - better fitting the know-how of Arne Sejr and what he accomplished in WW2.
So GLADIO's in Western Europe are to be sleeping cells, but perhaps real partizan groups within Sovjet territory (like Latvia). In Italy it seems a "Black Gladio" is later created, that might have done actual terrorism, but it's unlikely the case in other western european countries.
The second group are to be true sleeper cells. The backers (FE and their allies in government and industry) could place hidden radios, weapons and safe houses/bunkers around the country. In case of a Sovjet attack the FE then contacts these groups, who will be a delay and irritant, that can hopefully stall the Sovjet troops.
OPERATION REDSOX seems from the Danish point-of-view to be an EVASION & ESCAPE project, as they apparently didn't support active partizan support (perhaps the reason Freds Launags and other Latvian ended up joining the CIA in 1950). Jørgen Hviid was in contact with local Daugavas-Vanagi leader Imants Reitmanis in Copenhagen (and Lambers in Germany) and tried to hire Latvian stay-behind units to build up a Danish-Latvian Intelligence network. We have no idea at all how extensive or how successfully or even how long it continued. Officially REDSOX (for Latvia specifically AECOB and AEMARSH) ran from 1949-1959, but was abandoned by the English and the US, because most of their parachuted agents was compromised and caught. If the Danish Defense Intelligence had more success for instance with bringing Latvian agents in by speedboat, that parachuting is also another totally unknown.
EDIT: According to Sigurd Hess, the English (and so also Danes and Swedes) used boats to bring in agents (primarily Courland) - a German fast patrol boat S208 under Hans Helmut Klose working for the British Intelligence! The British SIS codename for what CIA called REDSOX was JUNGLE.
His articles can be seen here: http://www.sigurd-hess.de/home-english-version/publications/intelligence-history/
[So when Jørgen Hviid talked to Freds Launags about a fast boat, it was not a Danish boat but a West German boat operating and supplied from Rønne on the Danish Island of Bornholm.]
"Agents were inserted into Saaremaa, Estonia, Užava and Ventspils, Latvia, Palanga, Lithuania, and Ustka, Poland, all typically via Bornholm, Denmark where the final radio signal was given from London for the boats to enter the territorial waters claimed by the USSR."
Source: Operation Jungle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jungle
The training of the TILESTONE, TILESTONE BAKER? & JUNGLE was done by the British, though a Swede Captain Andreasson actually was the trainer for the Latvians around 1949.
The CIA REDSOX operatives were probably trained by the West-German Gehlen organization.
So West-Germany actually had two separate intelligence groups, before they were even officially created in 1949. Klose under the British from 1948 and Gehlen under CIA from 1947.
Hans Helmut Klose: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Helmut_Klose
Reinhardt Gehlen: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Gehlen
Last edited:
for your attention and reply.
