You are not correct at all. Everything you highlighted doesn't apply here and the logic you are trying to present is disproven by one line in the rule.
"If a puck clearly rebounds off a defending player in the neutral zone back into the defending zone, all attacking players are eligible to play the puck. However, any action by an attacking player that causes a deflection/rebound off a defending player in the neutral zone back into the defending zone (i.e. stick check, body check, physical contact), a delayed off-side shall be signaled by the Linesman."
This was a clear deflection by the defending player back into the defending zone. There was no action by a Colorado player that led to the Nashville player being forced to deflect/redirect the puck into the defending zone. The Nashville player tried to intercept the pass, got half of it, causing it to go into his own zone, which led to Duchene being onside and being able to carry on with the play.
The deflection you are referencing would require contact from a Colorado player.
First of all, you're missing the key word "back." As in "returns." Which I even bolded for you, and you even repeated here. 83.2 only refers to a puck leaving, and then returning to the defensive zone.
You're also ignoring the first part of the rule, that explains that the puck must originate in the defending zone in the first place.
When a defending player propels the puck out of his defending zone and the puck clearly rebounds off a defending player in the neutral zone back into the defending zone, all attacking players are eligible to play the puck
This puck was not shot out of the defensive zone, rebounded and bounced
back into the defensive zone. It was shot out of the defensive zone, and deflected into the
offensive zone.
This was a clear deflection by the defending player back into the defending zone.
No, it wasn't. The puck wasn't in the defensive zone in the first place, so it cannot go "back" where it didn't originate. It originated in Nashville's offensive zone.
I guess reading isn't that hard, it must be the comprehension part.
Do you seriously think that you can have someone stand in your offensive zone the entire time and it will be onside as long as you deflect it in off an opposing player? The rule is very clear. But since you agree that comprehension is the hard part, I bolded the words that you are ostensibly overlooking.