Excellent contribution.
Post the decision to initially award the HHOF to Kingston, the discussion took on a European flavour.
Article incorporâtes this, the disenchantment in some circles with the Kingston choice and harkens back to 1875 referring to Henry Joseph.
Well, the article that Sanf posted states that the Finnish expert believed that "bandy" was the first term used to describe the game, but I think "bandy" was actually the last term to be used to describe the game in England.
As closely studied on the previous page, "hockey" was popular across England in the 19th century, and few sources referred to it as "bandy," although the term was acknowledged as a sort of alternative term in reference to the game of hockey. The Tebbutts formalized the usage of the term by creating the Bandy Association, and it soon became a more popular term for the game than hockey.
The game of ice hockey developed both in England and in Canada at the same time once the game was brought to Canada from Britain; it seems the frequency of correspondence between the motherland the colony meant that when rules developed in one of the two places they were sure to be adopted across the Atlantic as well. That's why the game of ice hockey both in England and in Canada appear to have been developing at the same rate with the same rule changes between 1874 and 1891 once the Hockey Association's field hockey rules are introduced. After the field hockey rules were introduced, both countries started to play that style of game on the ice. By the early 1880s, we have people playing games with seven players per side because there was, undoubtedly, communication between players across the Atlantic.
We can examine why the game was called "shinty on ice" so commonly in Canada if the
English, who played
hockey on ice, brought the skating game over.
There was, of course, correspondence between settlers in Canada and their families back in Britain throughout the early days of the colony in the 1700s and 1800s. In addition to this, movement between Britain and Canada resulted in the frequent transmission of culture and ideas. The idea of playing hockey
on the ice comes from Britain -- more specifically, England, unless there is a source in existence showing that the Scots played the game on ice before the English and brought it to Canada instead of the English.
Here is an important article to take into account:
HOCKEY.
The Graphic (London, England), Saturday, January 30, 1886; Issue 844.
HOCKEY
AMONG the revivals of old athletic pastimes which the present generation has witnessed is hockey. It was probably one of the many forms of games with a ball introduced into this country by the Romans, and may be called a first cousin to the Scottish shinty, or shinney, so called probably from the blows on the shin the playrs are not unlikely to receive from time to time. Shinty is still a favourite game in the Highlands and islands of Scotland, and is, generally speaking, a very rough-and-ready kind of business. In some districts, however, the game has been reduced to rules, and under these is played in some parts of the North of England. Further South it has recently become a much more refined and scientific game, and may fairly be called hockey. Jamieson, an older writer, describing shinty, calls it "an inferior kind of golf, generally played at by young people, and in London called hockey." The comparison of the game with golf does not hold good in any particular, but that shinty and hockey are practically the same game is true enough.
Hockey on the ice has always been a favourite amusement in England...
The terms "hockey" and "shinty" appear to have been very interchangeable, and it probably would have been even more so when referring to the on-ice version. "Shinny" is also another name that seems to have the same meaning.
College Sports.
The Cheltenham Chronicle and Parish Register and General Advertiser for Gloucester (Cheltenham, England), Tuesday, October 12, 1858; pg. 5; Issue 2534.
College Sports.
The College Cricket playing has ceased for the season, and the spacious playground is now daily the scene of animated games of foot-ball, hockey, hurley, or shinny as it is indifferently called.
...
There is evidence that the Scots brought "shinty" over to Canada early on. There were shinty clubs in Toronto, and Scots were welcome to join these clubs. One would think that in Nova
Scotia there would be many Scots who liked to play shinty as well.
Classified Ad 2 -- No Title
The Globe (1844-1936) [Toronto, Ont] 09 Dec 1848: 3
NOTICE.
A GENERAL MEETING of the TORONTO SHINTY CLUB will be held at the Rob Roy Hotel, on Wednesday, the 13th instant, at half-past Seven o'click, P. M., to elect Office-bearers for the ensuing year.
By order,
ROBERT MARTIN,
Secretary.
N.B.--Scotchmen are invited to attend.
Toronto, Dec. 8, 1848
CITY NEWS
The Globe (1844-1936) [Toronto, Ont] 12 Oct 1863: 2.
SUNDAY NUISANCE. - A number of youths, aged from thirteen to sixteen, were enjoying themselves playing "shinty" yesterday on CLare street. His Worship the Mayor saw their proceedings, and instructed Constable Bradshaw to arrest them. He succeeded in taking a boy named Richard Kelly, and whilst conveying him to the station, and alderman discharged him. Justice should not be frustrated in this way. If the law is broken, the offenders should certainly be punished, as a warning to others.
In 1869 is a Toronto report of a boy almost drowning while playing shinty on the ice with other kids.
CITY NEWS
The Globe (1844-1936) [Toronto, Ont] 11 Feb 1869: 1.
ALMOST DROWNED.-- Yesterday afternoon, while a number of lads were enjoying themselves at that very ancient and honourable game of "shinty" on the ice at the foot of Scott street, the ball which they were propelling got into an air-hole, and one of the "shintyers," named Angus McLellan, while endeavouring to recover it, fell in, and was with some difficulty fished out by his companions. Will boys not take warning by these ever-repeated escapes?
Here is an instance of the sticks used to be play the game in Toronto being referred to as "shinty sticks."
Here we have a crowd of shinty players on the ice harassing other skaters on the Don River.
COMMUNICATIONS
The Globe (1844-1936) [Toronto, Ont] 27 Dec 1862: 2.
ROWDYISM ON THE DON.
(To the Editor of the Globe.)
SIR,-- Allow me, through the medium of your journal, to call the attention of the authorities to the fact that there is a gang of young rowdies from near the Rolling Mill, who make it as a practice upon holidays and leisure times to go upon the Don, and annoy any persons, who, by their respectable appearance, &c., may excite their malice, by tripping them up, scoffing and jeering, and upon remonstrance being made, will fall upon the party and beat him unmercifully with shinty sticks. There have been several persons most shamefully maltreated in this way. On Christmas Day a young man, who went to separate his brother and one of hose rowdies who was annoying him, was knocked down, kicked and beaten until he was senseless. When the ice is good there is always a crowd upon the Don, and I think the City Fathers ought to place one or two policemen there to prevent a recurrence of such ruffianism.
Very respectfully,
PEACE.
Toronto, Dec. 27, 1862.
Shinty was an established game in Canada by the 1840s. This certainly plays a role in the Canadians' identification of "hockey on ice" as "shinty on ice" up until the 1870s. There are numerous instances of "shinty on ice" being played in Toronto, and certainly other places. James Creighton, hailing from Nova Scotia, should have naturally called the game
shinty on ice.
With
shinty being such a popular version of the land-based game in Canada prior to the 1870s,
why is it not that the ice version of the game was called ice shinty instead of ice hockey?
"Hockey" was not an obscure name for the game, although it seems "shinty" was the preferred term. The English name for the game -- hockey -- was known to those in Canada also. In fact, they seem to have regularly published articles from the London magazines in
The Globe and other Canadian newspapers. Here's a London article, republished in
The Globe, referring to hockey on the ice. With so much English influence on Canadian culture and so many transplanted residents from England, hockey was a term they recognized. It would not have been a stretch for them to use "hockey" as a term in place of "shinty," and in fact the two meant the same thing in reference to the on-ice game.
ON THE ICE
The Globe (1844-1936) [Toronto, Ont] 26 Dec 1863: 1.
(From the London Society.)
An Englishman takes naturally to water.
...
The various games that are played on the ice are mostly unworthy of a true skaters' attention, and have the further drawback of seriously annoying those who use the skate for its legitimate purpose.
Hockey, for example, ought to be sternly forbidden, as it is not only annoying, but dangerous. In its right place, Hockey is a noble game, and deserving of every encouragement, but on the ice it is in its wrong place, and should be prohibited. Any weak place on the ice is sure to give way if the ball should happen to pass over or near it ; for the concourse of fifty or a hundred persons all converging on the same point is a test which no ice, save the very strongest, is able to bear. Even the "express trains," so popular on the Serpentine, on a fine frosty night, are not nearly so dangerous as hockey, because they distribute the weight over a large surface with tolerable equality.
Moreover, when a mass of human beings precipitates itself recklessly in any direction where a ball may happen to run, accidents are certain to follow the indifferent skaters, or those who are only walking on the ice, are knocked down, and often severely injured by others falling on them ; and if the ice should gave way, as is likely to happen by reason of their accumulated weight, a fatal result is almost a necessary consequence.
...
The game, moreover, is by no means what it ought to be , inasmuch as it is impossible to enforce the rules in such a miscellaneous assembly. No one keeps to any particular side, or aims at any particular goal ; and any one who happens to have a stick, hits the ball in any direction that seems easiest. I should be truly glad to see the police interfere whenever hockey is commenced.
Cricket, again, the king of British games, is simply degraded by being transferred from summer and fields to winter and ice. I have seen several cricket games played on the ice, and must acknowledge that the game was the veriest farce imaginable. The bowler seems to be the only player who has any chance of doing his duty.
...
We can see that the Toronto Shinty Club still operated in the 1890s. These articles are from
The Scottish Canadian, a Canadian magazine catered to Scottish canadians. The articles below are courtesy of OurOntario.ca.
http://images.ourontario.ca/Partners/MHSO/MHSO002743977pf_0797.pdf
http://images.ourontario.ca/Partners/MHSO/MHSO002743977pf_0702.pdf
The first article is dated in the week of October 6, 1891 because of the mention of the Right Honourable William Henry Smith's death that week. He died on October 6, 1891.
Emigrants from England would have called the on-ice game hockey. Those from Scotland would have called it shinty. Perhaps the high number of Scottish immigrants in Nova Scotia meant that the more popular term for hockey in the province was "shinty." That explains why James Creighton grew up playing "shinty" on the ice. To be honest, I think he would have known both terms: "hockey" and "shinty." Considering he was copying the Hockey Association's rules, it's natural that he would call the game hockey thereafter.
https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/hockey/kids/024003-2000-e.html
From an archived Canadian government web page:
The first recorded uses of the word "hockey" in what we know today as Canada, are credited to members of the British Armed Forces in their travels abroad. Arctic explorer Sir John Franklin noted that his crew members, who included Royal Navy men, exercised by playing hockey on the ice at Fort Franklin, Northwest Territories, in 1825. Eighteen years later, in 1843, a British army officer recorded in his diary that he had learned to skate and play hockey on the ice at Kingston, Upper Canada.
According to previous research, the first usage of the term "hockey" in reference to the on-ice adaptation was in 1822. 1797, meanwhile, is when the earliest known game of hockey on ice was played; it took place in England. At some point hockey on ice would be brought to Canada from England, or
maybe the Scots brought it to Canada (although we would have to ask ourselves if the on-ice game was anywhere near as popular in Scotland as it was in England).
http://hfboards.mandatory.com/showthread.php?t=1731417&highlight=
Considering the great number of British and Scottish emigrants to Canada, both "hockey" and "shinty" would have been known terms throughout the Dominion. That said, it seems "shinty" was the more popular term. "Shinny" was a term developed in Britain as an alternative to "shinty," so "shinty" and "shinny" seem to have been the same game too, just different names. "Shinny" is not a Canadian name for the game by any means.
SOCIETY OF TRUE HIGHLANDERS.
The Morning Post (London, England), Saturday, June 18, 1842; pg. 6; Issue 22283.
SOCIETY OF TRUE HIGHLANDERS.
The annual gathering of the members of this truly benelent association took place on Thursday, at the enclosure of Copenhagen House, for the purpose of playing their national and ancient game of shinty or shinny. There was a numerous attendance of Highlanders, including several Lairds attired in full costume ; also the children of the Scottish School in their kilts, which rendered the scene exceedingly interesting. Macbeth, the piper of the Duke of Sutherland, the patron of the society, by permission of his Grace, was present, and played during the day several national airs. He wore a magnificent dress, and displayed the beautiful powder-horn, richly mounted in silver, presented to him by her Majesty for playing at the late Bal Costumé, at Buckingham Palace. After a very well contested game, the company celebrated their anniversary festival by dining together in the large room of the above tavern.
...
There is recorded evidence of "shinty" on the ice being played in Britain as well.
SAD ACCIDENT ON THE ICE NEAR WARRINGTON.
The Blackburn Standard (Blackburn, England), Wednesday, January 08, 1868; Issue 1717.
SAD ACCIDENT ON THE ICE NEAR WARRINGTON.
FOUR BOYS DROWNED.
On Sunday afternoon, between three and four o'clock, four boys, named Thomas Smith, of Scotland-road ; Patrick Burns and Frain, of Black's Yard, Bridge-street ; and Thomas Griffin, of Old-road, Latchford, were playing at "shinty" on the ice which covers a claypit on the Lancashire side of the Mersey, excavated by the London and North-western Railway Company in the formation of their line to Walton, when a dispute arose respecting the cork. There were all standing together, when the ice broke and one of the boys fell in. The other three attempted to rescue him, but they were precipitated into the water and all four were drowned. The ice where the sad occurrence took place was not more than 1 inch thick, and the depth of the water did not exceed 5 feet where they fell in. An alarm was given, but an hour elapsed before any of the bodies could be recovered. The ages of the deceased varied from ten to thirteen.
Interchangeable names for the same on-ice game? It appears so.
There is also recorded evidence of Torontonians knowing what hockey was. Both terms existed in the mindsets of Canadians.
Current Affairs In Britain: LONDON OFFICE OF THE GLOBE THURSDAY, Feb. 24, 1876, 8:15 p. m. THE SUEZ CANAL THE PATENT LAWS EMIGRATION LACROSSE IN ENGLAND THE COLLISION OFF DOVER MINOR TOPICS MONEY MARKET
The Globe (1844-1936) [Toronto, Ont] 10 Mar 1876: 2.
...
LACROSSE IN ENGLAND.
Sportsmen of all sorts and conditions in this country hail with delight the prospect of the coming lacrosse matches, especially University and Public Schools, and Civil Services men, who will be glad to take up and "acclimatize" the interesting and manly national game of Canada, when they have had due opportunities of seeing it played on their natale solum. . . . The only English game at all like Lacrosse is the antiquated hockey, which really is not much of a game.
Of course, this author is a little uninformed, as the Hockey Association had established rules prior to this article's publication.
The game would have been called either shinty or hockey depending on who was observing the game. I think the English decided to play the sport on the ice before the Scots ever did, and so it might have been brought over as hockey on ice -- then the Scottish population might have labeled it "shinty on ice." Either way, it would have been the same game on the ice, especially with the vagueness of rules/lack of rules at the time. One would not have been able to distinguish a difference nor does it
really matter whether the Scots or the English brought the on-ice game to Canada. There would have been people calling it "hockey on ice" and "shinty on ice" regardless, since so many English and Scottish settlers lived in Canada. We seem to have pinpointed the origin of the name "shinty on ice" and "shinny on ice," though, if, indeed, the English brought the game to Canada.
I think "shinty on ice" and "hockey on ice" are the same thing. It's quite difficult for me to believe that "hockey" was not also a term used in Creighton's childhood. The British brought over hockey on ice, while the Scots popularized land-based shinty in Canada such that there were clubs by the mid-nineteenth century and "shinty" was a common name used to refer to the game by that point. This may explain why Canadians identified "hockey on ice" as "shinty on ice" or "shinny on ice" for such a lengthy period of time in the game's early Canadian history. With no formal name for the game and the presence of shinty already in Canada, I'm sure it was referred to in colloquial discussion as "shinty" even though those of English origin would have identified the on-ice game as hockey. Especially with the constant interactions with British culture, British people and the high number of British people residing in Canada, the relationship between hockey and shinty was known. I think this made the switch more natural when Creighton and others started to refer to the game as hockey in Canada in the 1870s.
The borrowing of the Hockey Association's rules for "shinty on ice" in Canada is when I think Canadians switched over to the use of "hockey" as the primary term for the on-ice game.
There are numerous instances of "shinny" being mentioned in Ohio in the 1850s and 1860s, although both refer to young kids playing the game informally with a block of wood in one instance and a ball in another. Apparently some Americans called organized hockey "shinny" even in the late 1880s.
Ice Shinny.
The Daily Inter Ocean (Chicago, Illinois), Thursday, February 21, 1889; pg. 2; Issue 334.
ICE SHINNY.
A well contested game of shinny took place on the ice yesterday morning between the North Chicago Shinny Club and the Hyde Park Shinny Club. The ice was in capital condition, and the game fast from start to finish. For the first half of the game the Hyde Park men appeared to have it all their own way, though they did not succeed in scoring until just before half time, when Simpson managed to hit a goal for them. The second half of the time the North Chicago men had the best of it, two goals being obtained, one by Laird and the other by Moon. A return match will be played on Washington's Birthday at South Park. The players were For Hyde Park-- C. Hamilton (captain), Southgate, Loomis, Wilson, Pratt, Hayward, Smith, Young, Rush, Simpson, and Moore. North Chicago-- Laird (captain), Pearson, Harper, Rowley, Henley, Graves, Williams, Moon, Sergeant, Scale, and McDonald.
They're definitely playing ice hockey, but they seem to recognize the game as "ice shinny."
The reason "shinty"/"shinny" was such a popular term in Canada for the game prior to the mid-1870s was in all likelihood because of the high number of Scottish settlers and the presence of land-based shinty in Canada, so even though the game might have been brought over by the English as "hockey on ice" it became known as "shinty on ice." This accounts for the different name in spite of the English origin of the on-ice game.
By the way, here's an interesting review from 1923 of
Hockey by S. H. Shoveller. This review offers a few notes about the history of field hockey and shinty.
Review 2 -- No Title
The Globe (1844-1936) [Toronto, Ont] 13 Jan 1923: 20.
"HOCKEY." By S. H. Shoveller. (London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd.) Price, 6s net.
No better historian for the game of hockey could have been found than S. H. Shoveller, one of the most famous players of the English game that the sport can boast. In every international match since 1902 Mr. Shoveller has worn the ENglish colors and done yeoman's work for his team. The English game is the direct ancestor of the thrilling ice sport that Canadians boast, and itself has an origin dating backward into remote antiquity. Ireland has her game of hurley, which was mentioned in A.D. 148, while Scotland has her game of shinty, which was mentioned in chronicles of the reign of Alexander I., and this latter is the more authentic ancestor of the English sport. An eighteenth century Scottish iconographer, writing of the game of shinty, calls it "an inferior species of game generally played at by young people. In London the game is called hackie." Hockey was popular in England in the fourteenth century, as ancient illumination shows, while later John Bunyan denounced the game as a sin. By 1876 the sport had its recognized association and rules, and now it is probably the most popular team game in England and many British possessions while it can boast that not the slightest taint of professionalism has ever marred the annals of hockey.
Works Cited
"CITY NEWS." The Globe (1844-1936): 2. Oct 12 1863. ProQuest. Web. 18 July 2015 .
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"Classified Ad 2 -- no Title." The Globe (1844-1936): 3. Dec 09 1848. ProQuest. Web. 18 July 2015 .
"College Sports." Cheltenham Chronicle and Parish Register and General Advertiser for Gloucester [Cheltenham, England] 12 Oct. 1858: 5. 19th Century British Newspapers. Web. 19 July 2015.
"COMMUNICATIONS." The Globe (1844-1936): 2. Dec 27 1862. ProQuest. Web. 18 July 2015 .
"Current Affairs in Britain." The Globe (1844-1936): 2. Mar 10 1876. ProQuest. Web. 18 July 2015 .
"HOCKEY." Graphic [London, England] 30 Jan. 1886: n.p. 19th Century British Newspapers. Web. 17 July 2015.
"Ice Shinny." Daily Inter Ocean [Chicago, Illinois] 21 Feb. 1889: 2. Nineteenth Century U.S. Newspapers. Web. 19 July 2015.
"ON THE ICE." The Globe (1844-1936): 1. Dec 26 1863. ProQuest. Web. 18 July 2015 .
"Review 2 -- no Title." The Globe (1844-1936): 20. Jan 13 1923. ProQuest. Web. 21 July 2015 .
"SAD ACCIDENT ON THE ICE NEAR WARRINGTON." Blackburn Standard [Blackburn, England] 8 Jan. 1868: n.p. 19th Century British Newspapers. Web. 18 July 2015.
"SOCIETY OF TRUE HIGHLANDERS." Morning Post [London, England] 18 June 1842: 6. 19th Century British Newspapers. Web. 19 July 2015.
